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Exposure to the saturated free fatty acid palmitate alters microglia inflammatory response
Molecular Neurodegeneration volume 8, Article number: P42 (2013)
Background
High calorie diets with increased proportion of saturated fats, together with lack of exercise, are contributing to a growing number of obese and diabetic people in the world. It has been shown that obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease [1]. Further, a correlation between high fat diets and impaired cognitive function has been proposed [2]. In addition, obesity is also linked to a chronic low grade systemic inflammation [3]. High fat diets have been shown to cause neuroinflammation [4], and neuroinflammation is in turn linked to neurodegeneration [5]. Microglia, the macrophages of the brain, have the ability to respond to environmental changes, and to display diverse phenotypes depending on the stimuli. Activated microglia are believed to play different roles that may either be neuroprotective or promote neurodegeneration [6]. It is therefore of importance to elucidate what effects free fatty acids (FFAs) have on microglia and how they affect microglia challenged with inflammatory stimuli.
Results
Our results indicate that the saturated FFA palmitate on its own induces alternative activation of BV-2 microglia cells. Further, pre-exposure to palmitate changed the response of microglia to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that palmitate affects the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ is also affected by pre-exposure to palmitate. Furthermore, the phagocytic activity of microglia was investigated using fluorescent beads. By analyzing the bead up-take by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) we found that palmitate alone, as well as together with LPS, stimulated the phagocytic activity of microglia.
Conclusion
Thus, exposure of microglia to increased levels of free fatty acids may alter the consequences of classical inflammatory stimuli.
References
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Tracy, L., Bergqvist, F., Ivanova, E. et al. Exposure to the saturated free fatty acid palmitate alters microglia inflammatory response. Mol Neurodegeneration 8 (Suppl 1), P42 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-8-S1-P42
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-8-S1-P42
Keywords
- Free Fatty Acid
- Phagocytic Activity
- Impaired Cognitive Function
- High Calorie Diet
- Diabetic People